Wireless Charging Technology: What & How?

                 Wireless Charging (also known as " Inductive charging ") uses an electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two objects. This is usually done with a charging station. Energy is sent through inductive coupling to an electrical device, which then can use that energy to charge batteries or run the device.

Induction chargers typically use an induction coil to create an alternating electromagnetic field from within a charging base station, and a second induction coil in the portable device takes power from the electromagnetic field and converts it back into electrical current to charge the battery. The two induction coils in proximity combine to form an electrical transformer.Greater distances can be achieved when the inductive charging system uses resonant inductive coupling.

With the announcement of integrated wireless charging in theLumia 920, Nokia hopes it will be a significant part of the proposition to turn heads from Android and iPhone. But unlike previous examples like the Palm Pre's Touchstone charger, Nokia has joined HTC, Sony, Samsung and others by adopting "Qi", a proprietary interface standard created by the Wireless Power Consortium.

Qi, pronounced "chee", comes from the Chinese symbol meaning energy flow and is designed to provide energy to devices through magnetic induction. This is a similar solution to the system that charges electric toothbrushes. (It's also a valuable and legal two-letter word in Scrabble.)

In simple terms, the base station includes an induction coil that creates an alternating electromagnetic field. Meanwhile, a similar coil within the device is able to pick up this field, convert the energy into current and use it to charge the battery.

Inductive Coupling

Inductive coupling uses magnetic fields that are a natural part of current's movement through­ wire. Any time electrical current moves through a wire, it creates a circular magnetic field around the wire. Bending the wire into a coil amplifies the magnetic field. The more loops the coil makes, the bigger the field will be.

If you place a second coil of wire in the magnetic field you've created, the field can induce a current in the wire. This is essentially how a transformer works, and it's how an electric toothbrush recharges. It takes three basic steps:

1. Current from the wall outlet flows through a coil inside the charger, creating a magnetic field. In a transformer, this coil is called theprimary winding.
2. When you place your toothbrush in the charger, the magnetic field induces a current in another coil, or secondary winding, which connects to the battery.
3. This current recharges the battery.

You can use the same principle to recharge several devices at once. For example, the Splashpower recharging mat and Edison Electric's Powerdesk both use coils to create a magnetic field. Electronic devices use corresponding built-in or plug-in receivers to recharge while resting on the mat. These receivers contain compatible coils and the circuitry necessary to deliver electricity to devices' batteries.

A Splashpower mat uses induction to recharge multiple devices simultaneously

Wireless Electricity Transmission

Magnetic induction is a technology that you will probably remember from your physics classes at high school.

You need two coils, a transmitter coil and a receiver coil. An alternating current in the transmitter coil generates a magnetic field which induces a voltage in the receiver coil. This voltage can be used to power a mobile device or charge a battery.

The animation below shows how to build a wireless charging system using magnetic induction. Press > to start, and >> to move to the next slide. Take your time to watch the animation before you click the next slide.

You will see that products need more than coils and alternatining currents. For energy-efficient power transfer the phone must be able to shut down the transmitter when the battery is full. The phone, therefore, needs to send control signals to the charging station.

I recommend to look at slide 14 in particular. This slide show three different methods for aligning the transmitter- and receiver coils.

  A PPT showing how it actually works (click to play each slide)

Inductive Power Transmission

Dries van Wageningen and Eberhard Waffenschmidt, Philips Research
                    The basic principle of an inductively coupled power transfer system is shown in Figure 1. It consist of a transmitter coil L1 and a receiver coil L2. Both coils form a system of magnetically coupled inductors. An alternating current in the transmitter coil generates a magnetic field which induces a voltage in the receiver coil. This voltage can be used to power a mobile device or charge a battery.

                  The efficiency of the power transfer depends on the coupling (k) between the inductors and their quality (Q). (See also Figure of merit)
The coupling is determined by the distance between the inductors (z) and the relative size (D2 /D). The coupling is further determined by the shape of the coils and the angle between them (not shown).

An estimate of power consumption by wireless chargers.

POWER CONSUMPTION OF WIRED CHARGERS

Let’s first look at the power consumption of a classic mobile phone charger. These chargers are simple so-called “external power adapters”. A good source for data is the ENERGY STAR website. Here you will see that Energy Start compliant AC-DC adapters typically rate:

• Efficiency @ max load: 72% on average for 5 Watt adaptors
• Power consumption @ no load: 0.12W on average for 5 Watt adapters with a few exceptionally good adapters going down to 0.01 W

Suppose that you use the adapter for 1 hour per day, and that it remains plugged in for the rest of the day. That is not a good practice, but it is quite common to leave power adapters and cradles continuously connected to the mains.
You see that the total energy consumption is:

• charging: 1 hour * 2 W / 72% = 2.8 Wh (this assumes that 5 W charger will supply, on average, 2 W during a complete charging cycle)
• standby (no load): 23 hours * 0.12 W = 2.8 Wh

You see that standby power contributes significantly to the total energy consumption of a mobile phone charger.

WHAT ABOUT WIRELESS CHARGERS?

Our wireless chargers also contain an AC-DC power adapter. Let’s assume that is has the same efficiency (72%). Let’s also assumes that it has the same standby power (0.12 W). [footnote: Wireless chargers can have a much lower standby power, but this keeps the comparison easier.] The transfer efficiency of the wireless power link is typically 70%. And assume that the wireless charger replaces 2 wired chargers. The total energy consumption is:

• charging: 1 hours * 4 W / 72% / 70% = 7.9 Wh (we are now charging 2 devices simultaneously)
• standby (no load): 23 hours * 0.12 W = 2.8 Wh

HOW DOES THAT COMPARE WITH THE WIRED CHARGERS?

Total power consumption of two wired chargers: 2 * ( 2.8 + 2.8 ) = 11.2 Wh
Total power consumption of one wireless charger with two receivers: 7.9 + 2.8 = 10.7 Wh
You see that the total energy consumption is comparable. Although wireless transfer is obviously not as efficient as transport over a copper wire, wireless power transmitters saves standby power energy when the wireless transmitter replaces multiple external power adapters.

MORE DETAILED & TECHNICAL INFO COMING SOON.... B CONNECTED ....

           "WIRELESSLY"

Dont forget to subscribe 

Credits:-  http://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com

Recruitment Through GATE 2013

Hello Friends,
 As you all might have heard about ongoing buzz regarding our PSU's (i.e. Public Sector Companies) are  undertaking there recruitment through GATE 2013 exams.

All interested candidates are requested to visit following link for more details regarding post, salary, company name etc.

http://www.allgovtjobs.in/2012/09/jobs-through-gate-2013-latest-psu-recruitment-2013.html

Ensure that you fill up registration forms for applying on time and keep us updated on this blog as well.

Difference between PLC,DCS & SCADA

                   In the past the strength and weakness of both the automation technologies were well understood. So it was easy for engineers to select the one that suits their application, but now due to the advent of microprocessors both the technologies are merging.The requirements which are thought to be exclusive to one technology can be found in the other one too.But still there are some things which are to be checked out before selecting the one that suits your application the best.

Now a days you cannot really tell the difference between a PLC or a DCS. Since the PLC was integrated with Analog I/O it crosses the boundary of being just digital and crosses to the realm of DCS in handling Analogs, Bus Systems, Distributed I/O and etc. Also, since the DCS now handles logics of Digital I/O it also crossed the boundary to the realm of PLC.

As you know PLC as to its name Programmable Logic Controller. Its main purpose is to replace the relay logic controls which is "On" or "Off". And DCS "Distributed Control Systems" its emphasis is Fast analog handling because of communications through Bus systems, networking and etc.

Summarizing all these, PLC = DCS......BUT still there are basic differences as below

PLC is a programmable Logic controller which is used mainly for interlocking different equipments.PLC using for perticular mechine or production unit.PLC is economicaly low cost.PLC'S can handle analog and digital I/O as earliear it could handle only digital.PLC'S are automatic controllers which is a substitute to hard wired controllers.they are extensively used for automation.PLC is for stand alone sytem.PLC is used Commonly with On\Off (Digital) Control and may be expanded with Analog I\O Modules for Analog Control and used for a control task.

                                      Programmable Logic Controller

DCS: DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEMS: THIS SYSTEM DOES WHAT A
PLC WOULD DO, BUT THE DIFFERENCE IS THAT A DCS IS USED IN
MUCH LARGER AND COMPLEX APPLICATION E.G: POWER GENERATION,
SOME COLD ROLLING MILLS etc.

DCS is the System in which controller are distributed geographically and integrated all the control hardwares .which is connected from the various field devices .DCS having its own network, Controller and HMI etc….Honeywell, Yokogawa, Invensys, ABB, Emerson are the leading .DCS Vendors.DCS is the System in which controller are distributed geographically and integrated all the control hardwares which is connected from the various field devices.DCS having its own network, Controller and HMI etc…Honeywell, Yokogawa, Invensys, ABB, Emerson are the leading DCS Vendors 

                                           Distributed  Controller System

                       If taken from a narrow point of view, maybe PLC and DCS are functionally the same. However, a lot of plant technicians and engineers are not aware of the other side of the debate, namely the engineering effort and the commercial ramifications. Of course, for huge plants with I/O's ranging from 10,000 to 30,000 I/O points, and beyond, it is silly to even think about PLC. From my experience, a DCS is not the same with PLC in the realm of huge systems such as oil and gas plants, as the following list will show:

1. A PLC is cost-effective up to a certain I/O count, and so is the DCS. But the difference is in their starting points: the PLC is cost-effective from 0 to a few thousand I/O points; the DCS becomes cost-effective starting from a few thousand points and beyond. 

2. A PLC becomes a subsystem of the DCS in rare occasions when the situation calls for it, i.e., purchase of huge package systems with engineering schedules incompatible with the DCS schedule (I/O lists cannot be submitted on time before the DCS hardware freeze date). Note that this package system is a process system using continuous control, not discrete. Based on this, a PLC can never be larger than a DCS in terms of I/O count.

3. In large plants the DCS is king because most owners want a single source of hardware support and service, and this mentality naturally denies the PLC a foothold. Package vendors are no longer required to provide PLC for their system. Everything is connected to the DCS.

SCADA: AS ALREADY EXPLAINED, IT NOTHING BUT A SOFTWARE USED 
TO GATHER DATA FROM THE FIELDS INSTRUMENTS WITH THE HELP OF
YOUR DCS OR PLC DEPENDING ON THE APPLICATION VIA THE SERVER
AND MAKING IT AVAILABLE IN AN ANIMATED FORM. THIS IS
USUALLY FOUND IN YOUR CONTROL ROOMS AND DEVELOPMENT ROOM

                                                                            SCADA

SCADA is the Software tool in which you can able to view/Monitor/Control your Process Variable data and Graphical representation of your plant etc...It's an operator front end display Example of few SCADA S/W is Wonderware, IFix, RS View, WinCC etc

SCADA is Supervisory Control and Data Aquisition which is used to control and Monitor small number of Equipments in a field.SCADA systems are typically used to perform data collection and control at the supervisory level. Some systems are called SCADA despite only performing data acquisition and not control.The supervisory control system is a system that is placed on top of a real-time control system to control a process that is external to the 

SCADA system (i.e. a computer, by itself, is not a SCADA system even though it controls its own power consumption and cooling). This implies that the system is not critical to control the process in real time, as there is a separate or integrated real-time automated control system that can respond quickly enough to compensate for process changes within the time constants of the process 

SCADA is the Software tool in which you can able to
view/Monitor/Control your Process Variable data and
Graphical representation of your plant etc...
It's an operator front end display
Example of few SCADA S/W is Wonderware, IFix, RS View,
WinCC etc 

IN SHORT!

PLC:

• in manufacturing processes(for production of things)

• for simple batch control 

• intensive logic controls

• can handle a no. of I/O s at a time

• downtime => lost production

• usually,no need of redundancy 

• fast logic scan(=reading I/Ps executing instructions and providing O/Ps)

• compact

• easily customised 

• for smaller applications

DCS:

• in process control (for production of stuff) 

• for complex batch control

• advanced analog loop controls

• downtime=>lost production+damage to process equipment+ may lead to dangerous conditions

• so Redundancy must

• large in size

• cant be easily customised

• for larger applications and plant-wide

In detail

What are you manufacturing??

PLC:for simple batch control i.e.,manufacturing a batch of goods(things)
Eg.,in bottling plants
DCS:for complex batch process i.e.,producing a product by transmission from raw materials(producing stuff)
Eg.,in oil refining plants,in steel making 
Specific to type of control
PLC: very logic control intensive.Can handle a no. of digital and analog I/O's at a time.
DCS: Regulatory/Analog loop control.It also provides ratio/cascade/model-predictive /feed forward control

Effect of downtime
What is downtime?

It is the time that the process takes to come to normal operation after a catastrophic failure.
PLC: Downtime results in only lost production and does not typically damage the process conditions or equipment.
For eg.,if there is some problem in the manufacturing process of a bottling plant, even if the process is stopped for a while, resuming the process back to its normal operation is simple and not time tacking. providing redundancy will be costlier than handling the downtime expenses so generally redundancy is not provided by this.
DCS: Downtime results not only in lost production but also leads to dangerous conditions or damages the process line and resuming the process is expensive and difficult too.
For eg.,In steel making process if the process stops abruptly and the pipelines with process fluid contents may freeze and damage the pipelines this would lead to more expenses.

Degree of customisation
PLC:It delivers a tool-kit of functions and building blocks that can be easily customized.So it can be used for varied applications by programming it according to the application.
DCS: Its highest priority is high reliability so standard functions are baked in to provide a complete solution to a particular application. So it can't accept many custom modifications.

Up-front cost
PLC: in $$. 
DCS: in $$$$ ;However its superior to PLC in operation and proprietary in general.

Size
PLC: compact
DCS: large

Replacement
PLC: replaced the conventional relays
DCS: replaced the pneumatic & single loop controllers

DCS is Distributed Control Systems which is used to control very big plants by using simple GUI screens.PLCs are interfaced with DCS for interlocking.

Valve Selection

Guys here is small pdf regarding Valve Selection Valve Selection

YOU HAVE POWERHOUSE IN YOUR MIND

I accepted the invitation from a Rotary Club recently because it was to meet with an assembly of teenagers, school going boys and girls. Also called ‘Interactors’ as a part of Rotary Charter, it’s grooming programme seeks to instill leadership qualities amongst the youth.

Here is what I told them to help them learn now, rather than later. For, every mistake we make in our lives has a cost. Awareness prevents or may reduce any resultant suffering.

I started with a visualisation: Feel your head and understand symbolically that in it is a power house comprising of several bulbs with attending switches. Each bulb when well-lit or switched on is knowledge. The brains expand with knowledge as it does by meditation, in proven research. There is no limit to our learning.

Understand now certain eternal laws of nature.

Recall when you were small. Did you not love those years when there was no home work, only toys, play and fun? Now there is lots of homework, exams and competition. If asked which time was better you would say “when we were small”. The fact is that a few years from now you will say this very school time was better than college. Later college was better than work. And so it goes on.

Why am I making you conscious of these responses? So that you remember that nothing is permanent. It’s all moving. It’s all going. All you have is the present time. Therefore do all that you can now, to say later, “I gave it all my best and got the best.” Your school, your home, siblings, elders, your parents, teachers, school books and your support systems -- whatever is before you, are all going to change over a period. So value them.

One day parents will have gone, family spread out, teachers retired, friends forgotten, health not as good as it is today, home changed, and so on. Therefore, understand that when nothing is permanent, all that is in your hands is to give your best to what is before you rather than regret that you didn’t, later.

Another law of nature which is infallible is that you will reap as you sow in the form of habits. These will form your character, naturally. You sow integrity, spirit of hard work, respect, gratitude, giving and discipline; these shall all come back to you as you grow up to be young adults. You will not need transformational leadership courses then. You will use trainings to enhance your personal and professional skills further and not have to do root repairs. Therefore ensure being good gardeners of your own orchard. Feed your saplings of habits daily with right nutrition. All these will flower and yield good fruit. They determine your responses.

Finally grow up with a personal goal as well as higher purpose, which is the real meaning of life! Earn your wealth and comforts the ethical way and grow up to share alongside. Living only for yourself will not give you real happiness. This is what all research establishes. Why not make this habit a part of your life now as students when you learn to share with family and the needy whatever you can? It does not have to be big. It’s all about being sensitive and conscientious, the hall marks of good, noble person.

So light up your brain bulbs. Keep them charged daily, by switching them on through right nutrition, till they get solar charged even when you are asleep.

Khel Ratna Awards

Rajiv Gandhi KHEL RATNA awards

·      This is the most prestigious award in the field of sports in India. Viswanathan Anand (Chess) was the first recipient of the award.

·      Instituted by the Government of India in 1991-92, the award is given to the most outstanding Indian sportsperson of the year.

Started with the initial cash award of Rs 500,000, the amount has been raised to Rs 750,000 from 2004-05. Besides the cash the recipient gets a medal and a scroll of honour.

List of awardees

1991-92 Viswanathan Anand (Chess)

1992-93 Geet Sethi Billiards

1993-94 Not Conferred

1994-95 Cdr. Homi D. Motivala (Joint) Yachting (Team Event)

1994-95 Lt. Cdr. P. K. Garg (Joint) Yachting (Team Event)

1995-96 Karnam Malleswari Weightlifting

1996-97 Nameirakpam Kunjarani (Joint) Weightlifting

1996-97 Leander Paes (Joint) Tennis

1997-98 Sachin Tendulkar Cricket

1998-99 Jyotirmoyee Sikdar Athletics

1999-2000 Dhanraj Pillay Hockey

2000-01 Pullela Gopichand Badminton

2001-02 Abhinav Bindra Shooting

2002-03 Anjali Ved Pathak Bhagwat(Joint) Shooting

2002-03 K. M. Beenamol (Joint) Athletics

2003-04 Anju Bobby George Athletics

2004-05 Lt. Col Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore Shooting

2005-06 Pankaj Advani Billiards and Snooker

2006-07 Manavjit Singh Sandhu Shooting

2007-08 Mahendra Singh Dhoni Cricket

2008-09 Mary Kom (Joint) Boxing

2008-09 Vijender Singh (Joint) Boxing

2008-09 Sushil Kumar (Joint) Wrestling

2009-10 Saina Nehwal Badminton

Active Night Vision Tech.

DaimlerChrysler tests

 Active Night Vision

The latest DaimlerChrysler vehicle to be tested with Active Night Vision is the Jeep Grand Cherokee.

DaimlerChrysler has fitted its Active Night Vision system to a Jeep Grand Cherokee to test the infrared system in light-duty applications. The system is being tested in several of the company's vehicles and will eventually be installed in luxury passenger vehicles, buses, trucks, emergency service vehicles, and taxis.

DaimlerChrysler researchers first tested Active Night Vision on a bus. Click to enlarge

Developed by company researchers in Ulm, Germany, the system illuminates the road scene and objects up to 152 m (500 ft) in front of the vehicle with infrared light energy to detect all objects in the field of view, regardless of temperature. The system reaches beyond the 40-m (130-ft) range of conventional high-beam headlights and, because infrared energy is invisible to the human eye, does not distract oncoming drivers.

In a bus application, the Active Night Vision system uses two laser headlights that illuminate the road by means of infrared light. A video camera records the reflected image, which then appears in black and white on a heads-up screen located directly in the driver's field of vision.

"This system enhances the night vision of drivers and thus makes night driving safer, especially for older drivers whose night vision may be less acute," said Steve Buckley, Manager of Electronic Product Innovation at DaimlerChrysler's Liberty & Technical Affairs group. Other night-vision systems are passive; they sense the infrared energy emitted by objects, but they may miss objects that are at the same temperature as the surrounding environment such as road signs or debris. "The advantage of Active Night Vision is that it gives the driver a complete view of the road ahead," said Buckley.
In the Active Night Vision system, two laser headlights on the front of the vehicle illuminate the road with infrared light, and a digital camera records the reflected image. The infrared image is projected in black and white onto a liquid-crystal display screen located in the instrument cluster.
- Kevin Jost

Come Back After Failure...

Hello All...

               

              I am a final year student of B.E. I.C. This is my First Blog and I want to Share something about doing "Come Back after a Failure" .

             First of all... Never ever break down after a Failure... Just think what went wrong... Give time for your self... think what you can do to take corrective action(identify and correct your mistakes)..!!

Identification

• Begin by identifying why you think you failed the first time. Knowing what went wrong can help you avoid making the same mistakes twice and bring you closer to achieving your goal.

Motivation

• Consider what you are trying to achieve and why. Whether you are applying for a new job, training for an athletic endeavor, or trying to make a relationship work, ask yourself why it is important to you. Once you have your answer, it may help to write down your reasons or share them with a supporter.

Process

• Now that you know what went wrong the first time and what motivates you, ask yourself if you are ready to try again. If your answer is yes, then move forward with this new perspective. Above all, remember to celebrate the small accomplishments, it is in the process that we will find true success.

  

  
  

  " We all fail ourselves at some point in life. We have two options. Making the come back easier or harder for us. The answer should be obvious – Always aim to make things easier for you. "

  
  

  
  

  Remember One thing... Never Ever Consider your self as a Looser after a Failure... Never afraid to give a try... remember when you try you have every chance to get success but..!! if you won`t try than.. "can you get success??"....!!

  
  

  Friends...Never Break Down...after a Failure...... Prepare your self... And Give your 100%... .. you will surely get success...!!

Philosophical Tidbits

No matter how bad the situation may be, look for the positive in it. If you do so, suddenly everything changes. In reality nothing has changed, but in your mind things have changed and they look and feel better. Some may say by doing this, you are living an illusion. However, once you have taken the positive path, your actions thereafter will lead to more positivity. If instead, you look at the negative side of things, you feel down and tend to attract more negative things in your life. Give it a try and experience this for yourself.

Welcome Note

Welcome Frends